Concept of Operation Narrative

0027-EX-ST-2011 Text Documents

KVH Industries, Inc.

2011-01-14ELS_112566

Application of KVH Industries, Inc. Experimental Special Temporary Authorization V3 ESV Terminal Description and Concept of Operation Introduction KVH Industries, Inc. (“KVH”) has developed a small aperture, broadband, highly efficient and affordable earth stations onboard vessels (“ESV”) terminal for use with its global maritime communications network. This ESV – the KVH V3 terminal – operates in Ku-band FSS frequencies (14.0-14.5 GHz transmit, 11.7-12.2 GHz receive). The V3 terminal will automatically search for and acquire the designated satellite, and maintain precise pointing via automatic control of the azimuth, elevation and polarization angles. This application seeks an experimental special temporary authorization (“STA”), pursuant to Section 5.61 of the Commission’s rules, 47 C.F.R. § 5.61, to test and operate a network of small ESV terminals that will communicate in the Ku-band with the following satellite points of communication: AMC-15 at 105° W.L, AMC-21 at 125º W.L., and GE-23 at 172º E.L. The proposed operation will be used to test the delivery of a two-way broadband channel to maritime vessels using the new, small-diameter antenna terminals. An experimental license is required for KVH to refine these antenna systems and the accompanying VSAT system parameters during operations. Many of the parameters cannot be effectively simulated in a lab environment. In addition, the live operations will allow KVH to detect and correct problems that were not originally anticipated. The resolution of all potential problems is crucial to the success of this product. Under this authorization, KVH would deploy ten (10) ESV terminals to provide an accurate measure of usage patterns and operational profiles. This information is vital to development of an operational VSAT system by providing bandwidth requirements, hub resources, number of access queues, etc. In addition, network management and terminal operating issues may not manifest themselves with a smaller number of terminals. The demonstrations will operate on an unprotected, non-interfering basis. The proposed experimental operations will be conducted within the continental United States either at specific test facilities for a limited duration or mounted on water-borne vessels. KVH requests a period of authorization of six months.1 1 This experimental STA application is a refiling of File No. 0591-EX-ST-2010, which was dismissed without prejudice on January 4, 2011 based on concerns raised by the Federal Aviation Administration and Air Force. Counsel for KVH has contacted spectrum management staff from the FAA and Air Force and cleared potential concerns. As a result, KVH believes that this follow-on application can be considered on an expedited basis.

Description of Antenna KVH has developed the small aperture, broadband, highly efficient and affordable V3 ESV terminal for use with its global ESV network. The ESV terminal operates in the Ku FSS frequency band, 14.0-14.5 GHz transmit and 11.7-12.2 GHz receive. The antenna is a 37 cm parabolic reflector with a rear-fed sub-reflector feed assembly design. The ESV terminal will automatically search for and acquire the designated satellite and maintain precise pointing via automatic control of the azimuth, elevation and polarization angles. The RF equipment is integrated into the base of the terminal and includes a 3 watt block upconverter. Figure 1: KVH 37cm Ku-band antenna Description of Planned Experimental Operations As is shown in Figure 2 below, the V3 terminal will be tested within KVH’s existing broadband mobile maritime service network, authorized by the Commission.2 KVH is seeking authorization to operate within the continental United States (CONUS), and 2 See File No. SES-LIC-20060824-01502 (Call Sign E060335); File No. SES-LIC- 20070504-00563 (Call Sign E070085); and File No. SES-LIC-20081104-01450 (Call Sign E090001). 2

adjacent waters within the satellite coverage zones, for evaluation and demonstration purposes. The ESV terminals may be tested in any of the following modes: (i) fully stationary; (ii) on a three-axis table to test antenna tracking; (iii) on a ground vehicle rooftop for in-motion testing; and (iv) on a vessel operating within CONUS or adjacent waters. Receive-only tests will be conducted first to verify antenna performance and for set-up of any transmit operation. Two-way tests requiring transmit operation will then be performed to evaluate, optimize and demonstrate return link performance as well as the user experience. The testing will involve two-way broadband connectivity. Ultimately, the target end users of this terminal are small and medium size vessels, over 40 feet in length overall. These prospective users include both commercial/private customers, such as fishing boats and leisure vessels, and providers of public services such as the Department of Homeland Security and the Coast Guard. Testing will also include high-speed Internet access for applications such as e-mail, web access, voice, and distance learning. The proposed ESV uplink return transmission (inbound) channel supports data rates of 32 kbit/s, 64 kbit/s, 128 kbit/s, 256 kbit/s, and 512 kbit/s. The ESV uplink transmission utilizes a spread spectrum modulation. This authorization will require channel bandwidths of 18 MHz and 36 MHz. The forward channel (outbound from the hub earth station to the ESV) will be between 3-10 Mbits/s aggregate with individual end user rates at 0.5-2Mbit/s. The forward channel is also spread over the 18 MHz or 36 MHz channel and is overlaid onto the same transponder spectrum using a technique called PCMA.3 KVH would like to operate the terminals with the following satellites: AMC-15 @ 105° W.L. AMC-21 @ 125º W.L. GE-23 @ 172º E.L. The ESVs will communicate with existing hub earth stations in Miami, Florida,4 Carlsbad, California,5 and Kapolei, Hawaii.6 KVH will control all V3 operations using its standard network control capabilities and network management partner, ViaSat, Inc. 3 Paired Carrier Multiple Access is a proprietary technique developed by ViaSat for their spread spectrum ArcLight service. 4 Call Sign E040267. 5 Call Sign E9030131. 6 Call Sign E010236. 3

GSO FSS Satellite AMC-15, AMC-21, or GE-23 Ku-band T/R Ku-band T/R Existing Hub Network Hub . Terminal Facility – Miami, Fl, . Ku-band T/R Hub RF Terminal Carlsbad, CA, . Or Kapolei,Hawaii ESV Remote Terminal1 Hub Baseband ESV10 Equipment Router 0.37m Antenna Unit (AU) Private line & Maritime RFT (3W BUC, 90K LNB) Hub Server NMC NMS RX L-Band TX L-band Modem ACU . Figure 2 – ESV Network Architecture For purposes of this experimental STA application, the ESV terminal will not operate within line-of-sight vicinity of Radio Astronomy Service (RAS) sites or the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) for space research conducted at White Sands, New Mexico and the US Naval Research Lab at Blossom Point, Maryland.7 Off-Axis EIRP Analysis The data rates transmitted from the terminal will vary from 32 kbits/s to 512 kbits/s. Additionally, the ESVs will transmit using CRMA spreading8 over either an 18 MHz channel bandwidth or a 36 MHz channel bandwidth. The off-axis EIRP spectral density of the KVH ESV terminal is shown in the following Figures 3 and 4. Note that a calculated worst case aggregate EIRP occurs when N=13 users for the 36 MHz channel and when N=6 users for the 18 MHz channel. KVH will ensure that the aggregate EIRP levels do not exceed the limits specified for Ku-band ESVs in Section 25.222 of the Commission’s rules. 7 KVH will accept technical limitations imposed on other Ku-band ESV operations necessary to protect RAS and TDRSS operations. See 47 C.F.R. § 25.222(c), (d) and Coordination Agreement with the National Science Foundation, submitted with a letter dated November 20, 2008 in IBFS File No. SES-LIC- 20081104-01450. 8 CRMA, or Code Reuse Multiple Access, is a ViaSat proprietary spread spectrum technique, similar to CDMA, used in the ArcLight satellite system. 4

Figure 3. V3 Off-Axis EIRP Spectral Density – 36 MHz Channel Figure 4. V3 Off-Axis EIRP Spectral Density – 18 MHz Channel 5

Pointing Accuracy The ESV V3 terminal will utilize a motion stabilized tracking antenna and a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) burst modem manufactured by ViaSat to access the satellite. The testing will include up to ten (10) terminals, each using a common spreading code and a random access method called code reuse multiple access (“CRMA”) to access the satellite. CRMA is closely analogous to the more generally understood code division multiple access (“CDMA”) multiple access method, but differs in that all terminals use a common spreading code rather than a number of individual codes for each transmitter. Individual bursts are distinguished by time difference of arrival. The use of this spreading technique allows the RF spectral density for each ESV to be significantly lower that typical TDMA systems operating at Ku-band. The antenna system utilizes a conical scanning function and rate gyros to stabilize the antenna and keep it pointed properly at the desired satellite. The conscan is currently set to worst case 0.4º from boresight. The dynamic pointing error for the vessel accelerations expected during testing operation is expected to be less than 0.2ºs one sigma. Thus the total expected mean pointing error for each vessel while under way, including both conscan and dynamic error, is 0.4º with a standard deviation of 0.2º. During the small percentage of time when conditions cause the antenna pointing error to exceed the specified maximum pointing error limit of 1.0º, the antenna system will send a message to the modem, and the modem will inhibit transmission until the aggregate conscan plus dynamic pointing error value is back to within 0.6º. The time lag from detection of exceedance of mispointing to time when transmit is inhibited will be less than 100 ms. For the purposes of this authorization this error limit of 1º is the declared maximum antenna pointing error as described in Section 25.222(b)(1)(iv)(A). As described above, the ESVs in this network use a spread spectrum multiple access technique whereby the individual off-axis EIRP density of each ESV terminal is well below the maximum aggregate network limit. Thus, each antenna individually will not generate harmful levels of interference – even if the antenna was pointed directly at an adjacent satellite. Random pointing errors across this ESV fleet will not cause objectionable levels of adjacent satellite interference because the antenna on each ESV will be pointing in a different direction with a different error component. There is an extremely low probability that multiple antennas will be mispointed at an adjacent satellite at the same time in such a way that their power results in harmful interference levels. Because the pointing error is random and momentary, each ESV antenna actually has a higher likelihood of being pointed away from the geostationary satellite arc than at an adjacent satellite in the arc. 6

Figure 5 below shows the ESV off-axis EIRP considering a 1.0 degree pointing error. As can be seen the EIRP density is significantly lower that the Section 25.222 mask for an individual ESV terminal. Figure 5 – V3 Terminal Off-axis EIRP with 1 degree pointing error vs 25.222 limit Protection of Other Users in the 14.0–14.5 GHz Band Protection of Fixed-Satellite Service. The FCC has established service rules applicable to Ku-band ESV operations, which define operational limits in Section 25.222. As discussed above, KVH’s terminals will operate in such a manner that the off-axis EIRP levels are no greater than the levels established for ESV operations, which are consistent with those produced by routinely licensed VSAT earth stations. To the extent that any adjacent satellite operator experiences unacceptable interference from KVH’s experimental operations, KVH will cease terminal transmissions immediately. Additionally, since this testing will be performed under the control of the KVH ESV network operations center there will be a record of the ESV’s location and operating parameters as specified in Section 25.222(a)(4). Protection of Potential NGSO FSS Systems. KVH acknowledges that non- geostationary orbit (“NGSO”) systems are also permitted to operate in the Ku-band. 7

However, no such systems are currently authorized or plan to operate within the period contemplated for the proposed experimental operations. Protection of Terrestrial Radio Services. KVH has examined current spectrum use in the 14.0-14.5 GHz band and has determined that there are no active FCC-licensed terrestrial services in this band in North America with which its proposed operations would potentially conflict. Protection of the Radio Astronomy Service. For purposes of this experimental application, in addition to complying with its prior coordination agreement with NSF and complying with Section §25.222(d) of the rules, KVH terminals will not operate within line-of-sight vicinity of Radio Astronomy sites and during observation periods. Protection of Space Research Service. KVH recognizes the utilization of the frequency band from 14.0-14.05 GHz and the possible use of the band from 14.05-14.2 GHz allocated to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (“NASA”) Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (“TDRSS”) for space research conducted at White Sands, New Mexico and Blossom Point, Maryland. For purposes of this experimental STA application, KVH will avoid AES operation within line-of-sight vicinity of these earth stations.9 Resolution 902. KVH will comply with the ESV emission limitations specified for the Ku-band in Annex 2 to Resolution 902. For each ESV terminal the maximum EIRP density toward the horizon will not exceed -0.79 dBW/MHz and the maximum EIRP toward the horizon will be 11.8 dBW10. 9 See 47 C.F.R. § 25.222(c). 10 Resolution 902 Annex 2 specifies a maximum of 12.5 dBW/MHz Horizon EIRP density and 16.3 dBW Horizon EIRP for ESVs operating in the 14.0-14.5 GHz band. 8

SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL PARAMETERS The return link channel shall support data rates for of 32 kbit/s, 64 kbit/s, 128 kbit/s, 256 kbit/s, and 512 kbit/s. The forward channel will be operated with data rates of 3-10 Mbits/s aggregate with individual end user rates between 512- 2Mbit/s. A summary of the V3 operating parameters is shown in the tables below: Antenna diameter 37 cm Type of Antenna Parabolic rear-fed Peak Power (SSPA) 3 watts Transmit Bandwidth 18, 36 MHz Transmit Gain 33 dBi at 14.GHz EIRP 38 dBW Transmit Data Rate 32 kbps to 512 Mbps Transmit Polarization Horizontal or Vertical Transmit Max PSD <10 dBW/4kHz Transmit Azimuth, 3.5 degrees Elevation Beamwidth Receive G/T 10 dB/K minimum Receive Bandwidth 500 MHz Receive Polarization Dual Vertical and Horizontal V3 ESV Terminal Parameters Azimuth continuous coverage over full 360º Elevation 10 to 80º antenna elevation Position accuracy Static pointing error 0.4º RMS (AZ); 0.6º RMS (AZ) in-motion, Declared Maximum Pointing Error 1.0º) Dynamic Tracking Roll: +/-25° at 8 second period capability Pitch: +/-15° at 5 second period Yaw: +/-8° at 50 second period Azimuth Turn rate: 12°/s and 15°/s2 acceleration Antenna Control Parameters 9

Maximum power at Feed 3 W Channel; Bandwidth 36 MHz RF Power Density at Flange -34.8 dBW/4,kHz Maximum EIRP Density toward the Horizon -3.79 dBW/MHz Maximum EIRP toward the Horizon 11.77 dBW Maximum Number Simultaneous Users N 12.98 Uplink Transmission Parameters - 36 MHz Channel Maximum power at Feed 3 W Channel Bandwidth 18 MHz RF Power Density at Flange -31.8 dBW/4,kHz Maximum EIRP Density toward the Horizon -0.8 dBW/MHz Maximum EIRP toward the Horizon 11.8 dBW Maximum Number Simultaneous Users N 6.49 Uplink Transmission Parameters - 18 MHz Channel A sample link analysis for AMC-15 is included in Annex A. 10

Additional Off-Axis EIRP Spectral Density Plots Figure 6 – 18 MHz Off-Axis EIRP Spectral Density Figure 7 – 36 MHz Channel Off-Axis EIRP Spectral Density 11

Points of Contact For purposes of this authorization, the KVH terminals will be operated under KVH’s full supervision and control. The points of contact for the planned experimental operations are: Marc Edwards Program Manager KVH Industries, Inc. 401.845.2403 Email: medwards@kvh.com Mr. Edwards will have the ability and authority to cease all transmissions from the terminals wherever they are located. For filing issues involving this authorization request please contact: Carlos Nalda Squire, Sanders & Dempsey L.L.P. 1201 Pennsylvania Ave, NW Suite 500 Washington, DC 20004 Office: (202) 626-6659 Fax: (202) 626-6780 Cell: (571) 332-5626 Email: cnalda@ssd.com For technical issues involving this authorization request: Kenneth G. Ryan, P.E., Skjei Telecom, Inc. Regulatory Engineering Consultant Office: (703) 917-4020 Fax: (703) 917-0098 Cell: (703) 919-0361 Email: ken@skjeitelecom.com 12

Annex A Sample Link Analysis 13

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Rain Rain U/L Clear Sky U/L Downli U/L Forward Link Parameters Uplink nk Rain EndtoEnd Link Budget Clear Sky Clear Sky D/L Rain D/L Var - D/L Carlsba Site Seattl Uplink C/No 89.2 89.2 89.2 89.2 dBHz d e Uplink C/Io 91.9 91.9 91.9 91.9 dBHz Frequency, GHz 14.18 11.88 Downlink C/No 76.6 73.7 76.6 73.7 dBHz 99.75 Downlink C/Io 74.2 74.2 74.2 74.2 dBHz Availability 99.75% % Total C/(No+Io) 72.1 70.8 72.1 70.8 dBHz Antenna Size, m 4.5 0.37 Required C/(No+Io) 67.7 67.7 67.7 67.7 dBHz Modulation QPSK DSSS Coding Rate 1/3 Turbo Data rate (kbps) 4000 Rain U/L Clear Sky U/L Rain D/L Uplink C/No budget Clear Sky Rain U/L Downlink C/No budget Clear Sky Rain Clear Sky D/L Uplink EIRP (incl. UPC compensation) 65.5 66.9 dBW Downlink EIRP 43.49 43.5 43.5 43.5 dBW Hub Pointing Loss 0.5 0.5 dB Path Loss 205.71 206.9 205.7 206.9 dB Path Loss 207.0 208.3 dB Mobile Clearsky G/T 10.20 10.2 10.2 10.2 dB/K 94.2126533 0.51 18.3787284 1.75 Spacecraft G/T 1.25 1.25 dB/K Rain Noise Temperature Increase 0 1.7 0 1.7 dB 1.24 74.593925 Boltzmann's constant 228.60 228.6 228.6 228.6 dBW/K/Hz Boltzmann's constant 228.6 228.6 dBW/K/Hz Uplink C/No Transponder input 87.93 87.9 dBHz Downlink C/No 76.58 73.7 76.6 73.7 dBHz Carrier Suppression 0.51 0.51 dB Noise Suppression 1.74 1.74 dB Uplink C/No Transponder output 89.2 89.2 dBHz Rain Rain U/L Clear Sky U/L Uplink C/Io terms Clear Sky Rain U/L U/L ASI 93.9 93.9 dBHz Rain Downlink C/Io terms Clear Sky Clear Sky D/L Rain D/L CrossPol 94.6 94.6 dBHz D/L Uplink HPA IM 100 100 dBHz ASI 74.50 74.50 74.50 74.50 dBHz Uplink C/Io Transponder input 90.7 90.7 dBHz CrossPol 88.06 88.06 88.06 88.06 dBHz Carrier Suppression 0.51 0.51 dB T d IM 93 09 93 09 93 09 93 09 dBH Noise Suppression 1.74 1.74 dB Uplink C/Io Transponder output 91.9 91.9 dBHz Uplink Path Loss Clear Sky Rain U/L Downlink Path Loss Clear Sky Rain D/L Freespace Path Loss 206.87 206.9 dB Freespace Path Loss 205.60 205.6 dB Gaseous Attenuation 0.10 0.10 dB Gaseous Attenuation 0.11 0.11 dB Rain Attenuation 0 1.2 dB Rain Attenuation 0 1.0 dB Cloud Attenuation 0 0.15 dB Cloud Attenuation 0 0.16 dB Scintillation 0 0.16 dB Scintillation 0 0.25 dB Total Attenuation 207.0 208.3 dB Total Attenuation 205.7 206.9 dB Uplink Propagation Model Downlink Propagation Model Frequency 14.18 GHz Frequency 11.88 GHz Availability 99.75% Availability 99.75% Satellite Longitude 255.0 °E Satellite Longitude 255.0 °E Site Location Carlsbad Site Location Var Seattle Site Latitude 33.2 °N Site Latitude 46.6 °N Site Longitude 242.7 °E Site Longitude 237.8 °E Site Altitude 0.0 km Site Altitude 0.0 km Antenna efficiency 65% Antenna efficiency 60% Antenna diameter 4.5 m Antenna diameter 0.4 m Polarization V Polarization H Slant Range 37141.4 km Slant Range 38293.1 km Elevation Angle 49.21 ° Elevation Angle 33.8 ° Rain Height 3.2 km Rain Height 2.5 km Rain Intensity @ 0.01% 25.1 mm/hr Rain Intensity @ 0.01% 40.0 mm/hr Total Columnar Content of Liquid @ 0.01 0.6 kg/m2 Total Columnar Content of Liquid @ 0.7 kg/m2 Wet term of refraction coindex 45.3 0.01 Temperature 289.6 K Wet term of refraction coindex 35.0 Water Vapor Content 7.2 g/m3 Temperature 279.0 K Polarization Angle 18.1 ° Water Vapor Content 5.2 g/m3 Polarization Angle 74.4 ° Tsys, clear sky 117.0 K Tsys, rain 173.9 K 15

Rain U/ Rain U/L Clear Sky U/L Downli L Return Link Parameters Uplink nk Rain D/ EndtoEnd Link Budget Clear Sky Clear Sky D/L Rain D/L Var - Carlsb L Site Seattle ad Uplink C/No 58.97 57.05 57.05 58.97 dBHz Frequency, GHz 14.18 11.88 Uplink C/Io 62.26 60.34 60.34 62.26 dBHz 99.75 Downlink C/No 71.90 67.77 69.98 69.69 dBHz Availability 99.75% % Downlink C/Io 55.9662923 62.19 60.27 60.27 62.19 dBHz Antenna Size, m 0.37 4.50 Multiple Access Interference 64.27 62.35 62.35 64.27 dBHz Modulation GMSK DSSS Total C/(No+Io) 55.37 53.38 53.45 55.30 dBHz Coding Rate 1/3 TC Required C/(No+Io) 53.32 53.32 53.32 53.32 dBHz Data rate (kbps) 128 Margin 2.0 0.1 0.1 2.0 dB Signal rate (kbaud/s) 384.0 Transponder Bandwidth (kHz) 24060 Rain U/ Rain U/L Clear Sky U/L Uplink C/No budget Clear Sky Rain U/L L Uplink EIRP (incl. UPC compensation) 35.71 35.71 dBW Rain D/ Downlink C/No budget Clear Sky Clear Sky D/L Rain D/L Terminal Pointing Loss 0.07 0.07 dB L Path Loss 207.27 209.2 dB Downlink EIRP 16.27 14.4 14.4 16.3 dBW Spacecraft G/T 2 2 dB/K Path Loss 205.41 206.2 205.4 206.2 dB Boltzmann's constant 228.6 228.6 dBW/K/Hz Hub Clearsky G/T 32.44 32.4 32.4 32.4 dB/K Uplink C/No Transponder input 58.98 57.06 dBHz Rain Noise Temperature Increase 0.00 1.4 0.0 1.4 dB Carrier Suppression 1.75 1.75 dB Boltzmann's constant 228.60 228.6 228.6 228.6 dBW/K/Hz Noise Suppression 1.74 1.74 dB Downlink C/No 71.9 67.8 70.0 69.7 dBHz Uplink C/No Transponder output 58.97 57.05 dBHz Rain U/ Rain U/L Clear Sky U/L L Uplink C/Io terms Clear Sky Rain U/L Rain D/ Downlink C/Io terms Clear Sky Clear Sky D/L Rain D/L ASI 65.0 63.0 dBHz L CrossPol 65.6 63.7 dBHz ASI 78.77 76.85 76.85 78.77 dBHz Uplink HPA IM 100 100 dBHz CrossPol 73.44 71.52 71.52 73.44 dBHz Uplink C/Io Transponder input 62.3 60.4 dBHz Transponder IM 63.51 61.59 61.59 63.51 dBHz Carrier Suppression 1.75 1.75 dB PCMA C/Io 70.01 68.09 68.09 70.01 dBHz Noise Suppression 1.74 1.74 dB Uplink C/Io Transponder output 62.3 60.3 dBHz Uplink Path Loss Clear Sky Rain U/L Downlink Path Loss Clear Sky Rain Freespace Path Loss 207.14 207.1 dB Freespace Path Loss 205.3 205.3 dB Gaseous Attenuation 0.13 0.13 dB Gaseous Attenuation 0.08 0.08 dB Rain Attenuation 0 1.7 dB Rain Attenuation 0 0.7 dB Cloud Attenuation 0 0.22 dB Cloud Attenuation 0 0.11 dB Scintillation 0 0.27 dB Scintillation 0 0.15 dB Total Attenuation 207.3 209.2 dB Total Attenuation 205.41 206.2 dB Uplink Propagation Model Downlink Propagation Model Frequency 14.18 GHz Frequency 11.88 GHz Availability 99.75% Availability 99.75% Satellite Longitude 255.0 °E Satellite Longitude 255.0 °E Site Location Var Seattle Site Location Carlsbad Site Latitude 46.6 °N Site Latitude 33.2 °N Site Longitude 237.8 °E Site Longitude 242.7 °E Site Altitude 0.0 km Site Altitude 0.0 km Antenna efficiency 68% Antenna efficiency 66% Antenna diameter 0.4 m Antenna diameter 4.5 m Polarization V Polarization H Slant Range 38293.1 km Slant Range 37141.4 km Elevation Angle 33.8 ° Elevation Angle 49.2 ° Rain Height 2.5 km Rain Height 3.2 km Rain Intensity @ 0.01% 40.0 mm/hr Rain Intensity @ 0.01% 25.1 mm/hr Total Columnar Content of Liquid @ 0. Total Columnar Content of Liquid @ 0.01 0.6 kg/m2 0.7 kg/m2 01 Wet term of refraction coindex 45.3 Wet term of refraction coindex 35.0 Temperature 289.6 K Temperature 279.0 K Water Vapor Content 7.2 g/m3 Water Vapor Content 5.2 g/m3 Polarization Angle 71.9 ° Polarization Angle 15.6 ° Tsys, clear sky 105.1 K Tsys, rain 144.6 K 16


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Document Modified: 2011-01-14 16:10:25
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